Preparing for War
Why was the United States ready to enter into a full-scale war so quickly after the attack on Pearl Harbor?
FDR had the economy mobilize (begin preparing for war) as soon as the Germans invaded France (5/1940)
Mobilization + Incentives =
Cost-plus contracts: gov’t pays a company cost + an extra % as profit
More produced=more $$
Reconstruction Finance Corporation: gov’t loans to help companies convert to production of military goods.
Production of consumer goods, like cars, small appliances, & decorative clothing (like stockings) was replaced by production of goods like tanks, planes, mines, helmets, cooking pots, & military supplies
Henry Ford took on the task of building the B-24 bomber in Detroit
Liberty Ships
Built in Henry Kaiser’s shipyards on the west coast
Cargo ships
Welded, not riveted
Riveted ships tended to fall apart when hit; welded ships held together
To ease drama over mobilization & debating between companies, the War Production Board was created (1942)
Controlled distribution of supplies &materials
In 1943, it was replaced with the Office of War Mobilization
The American People Go TO Work
WWII gave increased job opportunities to women & minorities
Women
Before WWII, most women workers were young & single
Labor shortage opened jobs to married women
Opened more doors for women workers after the war.
Based on a song; portrays "Rosie" as a tireless assembly line worker, doing her part to help the American war effort
increased the number of working American women to 20 million by 1944
African Americans
Factories didn’t want to hire African Americans
A. Phillip Randolph, head of a railroad workers union, told FDR that he was going to assemble workers to march on Washington in protest
Executive Order 8802
“there will be no discrimination in the employment of workers in defense industries or government because of race, creed, color, or national origin”
Backed up by the Fair Employment Practices Commission
Mexicans
Bracero Program: (1942) got over 200,000 Mexicans to move to the USA to help farmers in the Southwest
Worked harvesting food & vegetables
Built & maintained railroads
Continued until 1964
Building an Army
Once Germany invaded Poland & France fell, the US government looked to boost recruitment
Selective Services and Training Act
Plan for a peacetime draft
Proposed & passed in 1940
Opposed by unions, isolationists, & students
Passed after France fell to Germany
GI's
“Government Issue” – the label on all soldiers’ clothing
Became the nickname for the American soldier (like GI Joe)
Recruits spent 8 weeks in training camps, where they learned to operate basic equipment & work as a team
A Segregated Army
White soldiers & African American soldiers trained in separate facilities.
African Americans had their own military units, but the commanding officers were white.
At first, they were assigned to non-combat duty, but as the war progressed, they were given a more active role
"Double V" Campaign
Started by the Pittsburgh Courier
Urged African Americans to support the war effort & lend a hand to achieve double victory:
Victory over the Axis (especially Hitler)
Victory over America’s racism
It led to the increased recruitment of African Americans & their placement into combat situations
Col. Benjamin Davis, the highest ranking African American officer, becomes a general.
99th Pursuit Squadron - The Tuskegee Airmen
1st African American Air Force unit
Trained in Tuskegee, Alabama
Fought in North Africa & Sicily starting in 1943
Led by Col. Davis, Jr
Other Notable Units
332nd Fighter Group – protected bombers flying on missions
761st Tank Battalion – commended for their work during the Battle of the Bulge
614th Tank Destroyer – fought in Northwest Europe; received numerous commendations
1943 – military bases integrated
1948 – President Truman orders the military to be fully integrated
Hispanic Americans in the Military
500,000 joined the armed forces during WWII
Most were from Mexico
Fought in all theaters of the war
Women in Army
During WWII, women were enlisted for the 1st time
Not allowed into combat
Held administrative & clerical jobs
Women's Army Auxilary Corps
Formed in 1942
Director: Oveta Culp Hobby
Women were mad that they were auxiliary, not part of the “real” army
The Coast Guard, Marines, & Navy soon formed their own women’s units
Additionally, women served as nurses in the Army & Navy
Conflict at Home
Migration leads to Problems
15 million Americans moved during the war to get jobs
Midwest & Northeast: shipyards & factories
Sunbelt: expansion through the Deep South all the way to California
A new region of industry; before, it was primarily agricultural
The sheer number of people moving lead to housing shortages
The government built housing for workers, but it tended to be less than ideal
Violence Erupts
When African Americans moved to the North & West, tensions rose
June 20, 1943 – fighting between 2 gangs of girls leads to a full scale riot
34 people were killed
Zoot Suit Riots
In California, there was tension between the whites & Mexican Americans
Zoot suit: a type of suit – baggy pants, long jacket, hat & key chain
Popular among Mexican American teens. It was seen as “unpatriotic” because of the excessive use of fabric
June 1943 – rumors begin that zoot suiters attacked sailors.
In retaliation, 2500 soldiers & sailors invaded neighborhoods in LA & attacked young adults wearing zoot suits
Lasted several days
Police stayed out of it
As a result, the Zoot Suit was banned in Los Angeles
Life During the War
Wage & Price Controls
Office of Price Administration (OPA): regulated the price of consumer goods
Office of Economic Stabilization (OES): regulated wages & the price of farm products
War Labor Board: worked to prevent strikes
Settled over 17000 disputes
Rationing
Limiting the availability of products to make sure there were enough for the military to use
Meat, sugar, fabric, gasoline were all on the ration list
The speed limit was reduced to 35 to save gas
Households were given ration coupons every month
Blue coupons: redeemed for processed food
Red coupons: redeemed for oils, fats, & meats
Other coupons were used for coffee, sugar & other items.
If you ran out of coupons, you couldn’t buy the product…even if you had enough money
Victory Gardens
Grown in backyards, schools, parks, empty lots
Used to produce food for the war effort
Scrap Drives
Used to collect vital raw materials: rubber, tin, aluminum, & steel
People would donate any scrap metal they had: empty cans, pots, old tires, bicycles, rusting machinery
Bacon grease & fat drippings were collected & traded for extra ration coupons
Bonds
War bonds were issued by the government to raise funds for equipment & supplies
An alternative to raising taxes even higher
People who bought them would get their money back later, plus interest
E Bonds: the most common type of bond
$100 billion in bonds sold during the war
The Fighting Begins
Pearl Harbor
December 8th - FDR declares a state of war: US v Japan
Germany declares war on the US Dec 11.
It’s officially on.
Japanese Internment
Executive Order 9066
Authorized military authorities “to prescribe military areas in such places and of such extent as he or the appropriate Military Commander may determine, from which any or all persons may be excluded, and with respect to which, the right of any person to enter, remain in, or leave shall be subject to whatever restrictions the Secretary of War or the appropriate Military Commander may impose in his discretion.”
442nd Regimental Combat Team
All Japanese-American combat unit (part of the 100th Infantry Battalion)
2/3 from Hawaii, 1/3 from the mainland
Recruits were found through a questionnaire given to internees.
the most decorated unit in U.S. military history for its size and length of service
War in the Pacific
The Japanese Move to Take over the Pacific
In 1941, the Japanese began their campaign to conquer the Pacific.
In December alone, they invade the Philippines, Guam, Burma, Borneo, Hong Kong, & Wake Island.
December 15, 1941 - First Japanese merchant ship sunk by a U.S. submarine.
December 23, 1941 - General Douglas MacArthur begins a withdrawal from Manila to Bataan
Feb 1942 – FDR orders Gen. MacArthur to withdraw from the Philippines
Battle of Bataan
January – April 1942
Japan invaded the Philippines, needing the territory to control South East Asia
At the end, against MacArthur’s wishes, 76,000 troops surrendered to the Japanese Army
This lead to the…
Bataan Death March
began April 9, 1942
the forcible transfer of 75,000 American and Filipino prisoners of war captured by the Japanese in the Philippines from the Bataan peninsula to prison camps
The prisoners were beaten & tortured
Exact number of casualties isn’t known…about 1 in 4 men didn’t survive
Battle of Java Sea
February 27- March 1
Japanese victory
The largest U.S. warship in the Far East, the USS Houston, is sunk.
Battle of Coral Sea
May 1942
US planes stop Japanese advancement on Australia
General Douglas MacArthur
Chief of Staff, US Army (1930-35)
Began WWII leading the US Army in the Philippines
March 1942 – appointed commander of the Southwest Pacific Theater
Oversees the liberation of the Philippines
Doolittle Raid
April 19, 1942
1st US air raid to hit a Japanese Island
Led by Lt. Col. Jimmy Doolittle
The B-25’s were launched farther out than planned, & as a result ran out of fuel on their return.
15 of the B-25 crashed or ditched on China
1 was captured & its crew held for a year in Russia
Battle of Midway
June 4-7, 1942
Turning point of the war in the Pacific
The Japanese hoped that beating the US would cause us to give up
US broke code that let them know when the Japanese were planning to attack
Guadalcanal
February 1943
Solomon Islands in the South Pacific
Beginning of the US “Island Hopping” strategy
Battle of Leyte Gulf
October 1944
Aka 2nd Battle of the Philippine Sea
US goal: isolate Japan from its territories & cut off its supplies
60 Japanese ships destroyed…a crushing blow to the Imperial Japanese Navy
Tokyo Bombing Raids
February &March 1945
Sequel to the Doolittle Raids
Used B-29 bombers
American bombers destroy 250,000 buildings and kill almost 100,000 in massive fire-bombing.
1700 tons of bombs dropped in one night
Iwo Jima
Aka "Operation Detachment"
Feb-March 1945 (35 days)
1st American attack on a Japanese home island
Of 22,000 Japanese soldiers on the island, only about 220 survived
Iwo Jima is a volcanic island, so conditions were less than ideal
The Marines who invaded were attacked by “invisible” soldiers – those hidden in caves & tunnels built specifically to protect the island
26,000 American casualties
America took the island
One of the highest casualty rates of WWII
Okinawa
Aka "Operation Iceberg"
April to June 1945 (82 days)
Joint army/marines operation
Fighting from caves and bunkers, Japanese inflict over 50,000 losses on Americans.
100,000 Japanese casualties
Wanted Okinawa as a base for planned air operations
A fierce Naval battle also commenced
Over 30 American ships are sunk by Japanese suicide missions.
The End of the War in the Pacific
In April 1945, FDR dies & Harry Truman becomes the president of the United States
With Germany surrendering in May, Truman is left with the war in the Pacific.
Rather than launch a full scale invasion of Japan & lose troops, he decides to use one of the newest weapons in the American arsenal…
THe Atomic Bomb
The product of the Manhattan Project, a program FDR started after getting a letter from Einstein
Robert Oppenheimer – led the project
Used Uranium-235
Produces a blast that melts everything in its blast zone & sends out a cloud of radiation
August 6
Truman orders an atomic bomb to be dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima
It is dropped by the Enola Gay, a B-29 bomber
killed around 70,000
During the following months, large numbers died from the effect of burns, radiation sickness, and other injuries
Total # of casualties 1945-1950: 90,000–166,000 people
After the bombing, the Japanese refused to surrender, and the decision was made to drop a second bomb
The plan was to bomb Kokura, but cloud cover reduced visibility, so they diverted to Nagasaki
August 9
The B-29 Bockscar drops the “Fat Man” bomb on Nagasaki
Initial casualties: 40-75,000
Total casualties: up to 80,000
It was a more mountainous region, so the damage was less-widespread
April 14, 1945
Japan surrenders
July 30, 1945
USS Indianapolis
Delivered parts needed to complete the atomic bomb to the island of Tinian
Was heading to a training exercise when it was hit by a Japanese torpedo & sunk
300 went down with the ship
800 were left in the water
The navy didn’t know they’d been hit for 4 days, when a plane spotted the survivors
The Sailors....
Spent almost 5 days floating in the ocean.
Many were injured
Very little food
Almost no water
Most suffered from hallucinations & delirium
They faced repeated attacks from sharks
Of the 880 men that went into the water, only 321 came out, and only 316 survived
The captain of the ship, McVey, was court-martialed & found guilty of not following proper procedure
THE EUROPEAN THEATER
January – March 1942: U.S. troops begin to arrive in Europe.
Average: about 50,000 per month
Friday, February 27, 2015
Friday, February 20, 2015
World War II begins
GERMANY DEMANDS, EUROPE CONCEDES
In February 1938, Adolf Hitler threatened to invade Austria unless Austrian Nazis were given important government posts. In March 1938, Hitler announced the Anschluss, or unification, of Austria and Germany.
Hitler claimed the Sudetenland, an area of Czechoslovakia with a large German-speaking population. Czechs strongly resisted Germany’s demand for the Sudetenland.
France, the Soviet Union, and Britain threatened to fight Germany if it attacked Czechoslovakia. At the Munich Conference on September 29, 1938, Britain and France, hoping to prevent another war, agreed to Hitler’s demands in a policy known as appeasement.
In March 1939, Germany sent troops into Czechoslovakia, bringing the Czech lands under German control.
Hitler demanded the return of Danzig—Poland’s Baltic Sea port. He also wanted a highway and railroad across the Polish Corridor. These demands convinced the British and French that appeasement had failed.
In May 1939, Hitler ordered the invasion of Poland by the German army.
On August 23, 1939, Germany and the USSR signed a nonaggression treaty, with a secret agreement to divide Poland.
THE WAR BEGINS
On September 1, 1939, Germany and the USSR invaded Poland. On September 3, Britain and France declared war on Germany—starting World War II.
The Germans used a blitzkrieg, or lightening war, to attack Poland. The Polish army was defeated by October 5.
On April 9, 1940, the German army attacked Norway and Denmark. Within a month, Germany overtook both countries.
After World War I, the French built a line of concrete bunkers and fortifications called the Maginot Line along the German border. When Hitler decided to attack France, he went around the Maginot Line by invading the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg. The French and British forces quickly went into Belgium, becoming trapped there by German forces.
By June 4, about 338,000 British and French troops had evacuated Belgium through the French port of Dunkirk and across the English Channel, using ships of all sizes.
On June 22, 1940, France surrendered to the Germans. Germany installed a puppet government in France.
GERMANY VS BRITAIN
Hitler thought that Britain would negotiate peace after France surrendered. He did not anticipate the bravery of the British people and their prime minister, Winston Churchill. On June 4, 1940, Churchill delivered a defiant speech that rallied the British people and alerted the United States to Britain’s plight.
To invade Britain, Germany had to defeat the British air force. In the Battle of Britain, the German air force, the Luftwaffe, launched an all-out air battle to destroy the British Royal Air Force. After German bombers bombed London, the British responded by bombing Berlin, Germany.
The Royal Air Force was greatly outnumbered by the Luftwaffe, but the British had radar stations and were able to detect incoming German aircraft and direct British fighters to intercept them.
In February 1938, Adolf Hitler threatened to invade Austria unless Austrian Nazis were given important government posts. In March 1938, Hitler announced the Anschluss, or unification, of Austria and Germany.
Hitler claimed the Sudetenland, an area of Czechoslovakia with a large German-speaking population. Czechs strongly resisted Germany’s demand for the Sudetenland.
France, the Soviet Union, and Britain threatened to fight Germany if it attacked Czechoslovakia. At the Munich Conference on September 29, 1938, Britain and France, hoping to prevent another war, agreed to Hitler’s demands in a policy known as appeasement.
In March 1939, Germany sent troops into Czechoslovakia, bringing the Czech lands under German control.
Hitler demanded the return of Danzig—Poland’s Baltic Sea port. He also wanted a highway and railroad across the Polish Corridor. These demands convinced the British and French that appeasement had failed.
In May 1939, Hitler ordered the invasion of Poland by the German army.
On August 23, 1939, Germany and the USSR signed a nonaggression treaty, with a secret agreement to divide Poland.
THE WAR BEGINS
On September 1, 1939, Germany and the USSR invaded Poland. On September 3, Britain and France declared war on Germany—starting World War II.
The Germans used a blitzkrieg, or lightening war, to attack Poland. The Polish army was defeated by October 5.
On April 9, 1940, the German army attacked Norway and Denmark. Within a month, Germany overtook both countries.
After World War I, the French built a line of concrete bunkers and fortifications called the Maginot Line along the German border. When Hitler decided to attack France, he went around the Maginot Line by invading the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg. The French and British forces quickly went into Belgium, becoming trapped there by German forces.
By June 4, about 338,000 British and French troops had evacuated Belgium through the French port of Dunkirk and across the English Channel, using ships of all sizes.
On June 22, 1940, France surrendered to the Germans. Germany installed a puppet government in France.
GERMANY VS BRITAIN
Hitler thought that Britain would negotiate peace after France surrendered. He did not anticipate the bravery of the British people and their prime minister, Winston Churchill. On June 4, 1940, Churchill delivered a defiant speech that rallied the British people and alerted the United States to Britain’s plight.
To invade Britain, Germany had to defeat the British air force. In the Battle of Britain, the German air force, the Luftwaffe, launched an all-out air battle to destroy the British Royal Air Force. After German bombers bombed London, the British responded by bombing Berlin, Germany.
The Royal Air Force was greatly outnumbered by the Luftwaffe, but the British had radar stations and were able to detect incoming German aircraft and direct British fighters to intercept them.
Friday, January 30, 2015
Chapter 9/10 Extra Credit #1
Watch one of the following movies and write a (MINIMUM) one page paper that includes:
-what the movie was about
-the aspects of the Great Depression depicted in the movie (BE as SPECIFIC as possible)
-how realistic you think the movie is in showing life during the Great Depression.
MOVIES
Cinderella Man
The Grapes of Wrath
The Purple Rose of Cairo
Of Mice and Men
The Sting
Modern Times
To Kill a Mockingbird
Bonnie and Clyde
The Journey of Natty Gann
Places in the Heart
-what the movie was about
-the aspects of the Great Depression depicted in the movie (BE as SPECIFIC as possible)
-how realistic you think the movie is in showing life during the Great Depression.
MOVIES
Cinderella Man
The Grapes of Wrath
The Purple Rose of Cairo
Of Mice and Men
The Sting
Modern Times
To Kill a Mockingbird
Bonnie and Clyde
The Journey of Natty Gann
Places in the Heart
Saturday, January 24, 2015
FDR & the New Deal
FDR & The New Deal
During President Hoover’s government the Depression was in full swing. Unemployment was at 13 million, industries were closed, farms repossessed and the Dust Bowl was disastrous, banks shut down and the stock market had major difficulties.
People couldn’t find work anywhere so the government had to act.
The 1932 Election: Hoover vs Roosevelt
• Roosevelt promised relief for the poor and more public works programs to provide jobs.
• He attacked Hoover and the Republicans for their response to the Great Depression.
• Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) won the 1932 Presidential election.
• In his inauguration speech, FDR stated that, “the only thing we have to fear is fear itself.”
He was related to Theodore Roosevelt.
– He survived polio.
– He was governor of New York.
– Married to Eleanor Roosevelt
A Political Partnership
Franklin Roosevelt
• Appealing blend of cheerfulness, optimism, and confidence
• An effective communicator (ex. fireside chats)
• A reform-minded Democrat
• Believed the government could solve economic and social problems
Eleanor Roosevelt
• “Eyes and ears” of her husband
• Directed efforts to solve several major social issues (ex. lynching of African Americans)
• Wrote her own newspaper column
• Had the trust and affection of many Americans
FDR as President
Banking Crisis
• Temporarily closed all the nation’s banks to stop panic and large-scale withdrawals
• Passed the Emergency Banking Act
• Glass-Steagall Act created the FDIC
Hundred Days
• Critical period of government activity
• Roosevelt pushed Congress to put most of his New Deal into practice.
• The New Deal promised relief, recovery and reforms.
Beyond the Hundred Days
• FDR and Congress passed important legislation after the Hundred Days
• Created the Civil Works Administration
• Passed the Indian Reorganization Act
Saving the Banks
• Roosevelt declared a “bank holiday”, closing every bank in the nation for eight days.
• Congress then passed the Emergency Banking Relief Act, which only allowed banks to open if they had enough funds to pay their depositors.
The Banking Acts of 1933 & 1935:
• Investors deposits insured
• No gambling in securities
• Banks had to keep a certain % of their customers’ money in the bank
FDR gave 30 radio speeches to the nation, which became known as fireside chats.
• FDR’s first fireside chat reassured people that banks were safe to use again.
The NEW DEAL
FDR developed many new bills that created programs to help end the Great Depression.
These programs were known as the New Deal.
The New Deal had three major goals:
I. Relief for the unemployed
II. Plans for economic Recovery
III. Reforms to prevent another depression
• To achieve these goals, Roosevelt’s government created a number of different organizations & agencies
• Several are known as “alphabet agencies” because they go by their abbreviations
NEW DEAL PROGRAMS
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
• Helped unemployed young men 18 to 25 years old
Agriculture Adjustment Act (AAA)
• Helped farmers by paying them not to grow crops
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)
• Helped business by requiring that businesses in the same industry cooperate with each other to set prices and output
• Started Public Works Administration (PWA)
• Labor received federal protection for the right to organize.
Federal Securities Act
• Helped investors, restored confidence in the markets
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
• Helped build dams and other projects along the Tennessee River and its tributaries
Federal Emergency Relief Act ( F E R A )
$500 million to state governments to provide relief
Given as DOLE payments
Problems w/ FERA
Many states penalised by dollar matching arrangements
People treated abominably by states who believed people should help themselves
Variations in relief provided – Georgia didn’t provide direct relief.
Successes
Helped prevent starvation
Won political support for the Democrats from the poor
Lowered unemployment from 13 million to 6 million by 1941
National Recovery Administration (NRA)
It made..
1. Industry less cut throat in its operation
2. Owners introduce a minimum wage
3. Rules on the maximum working hours
Owners, like Henry Ford, didn’t like the NRA. Workers loved it because it gave them more power & security
Fair Labour Standards Act
Set new standards for working conditions
1. Set a maximum working week of 40 hours
2. Banned child labour
Wagner Act
The Wagner Act stated that workers could join a trade union
Social Securities Acts
The Social Security Acts established a contributory insurance scheme.
$ is taken out every month, & when you retire you get a check from the gov’t every month.
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
Put up prices by creating artificial scarcity, ie killing livestock, ploughing up crops
This was considered by many to be unconstitutional and an extension of federal powers.
Parity price fixed for main crops
–farmers were paid NOT to grow crops
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
The first New Deal project introduced in March 1933.
1. Created work for 2.5 million unemployed workers
2. Led to tree planting and soil conservation
3. Bridges, dams, nature trails and picnic areas were built
4. Blacks were segregated and women excluded
Tennessee Valley Authority (T.V.A.)
This worked to improve the area around the Tennessee River
1. Overturning years of deforestation and soil erosion by replanting and soil conservation.
2. The building of a series of dams and canals.
3. Flood prevention.
4. Hydro electric power for homes and business.
Public Works Administration (PWA)
1. It was slow to get underway.
2. Capital intensive rather than labour intensive – money to T.V.A. and other organisations.
3. Built hospitals and roads and was involved in slum clearance.
Trouble for the New Deal
Radical Reactions to the New Deal
• Believed the New Deal did not go far enough in reforming the economy
• Wanted a complete overhaul of capitalism
• Huey P. Long, Father Charles Coughlin, Dr. Francis Townsend
Conservative Reactions to the New Deal
• Attacked the New Deal as a radical break with traditional American ideals
• Thought the New Deal would drive the country to destruction.
• American Liberty League
Leading Critics of the New Deal
• Huey P. Long (senator from Louisiana)
– Believed Roosevelt’s policies were too friendly to banks and businessmen (started the Share Our Wealth Society)
• Father Charles Coughlin (the “radio priest”)
– Believed Roosevelt was not doing enough to curb the power of bankers and financial leaders
• Dr. Francis Townsend
– Criticized the New Deal for not doing enough for older Americans (wanted pensions for people over 60)
• The American Liberty League
– Believed that the New Deal went too far and was anti-business
• Opposition from the courts
– Critics of the New Deal feared that it gave the president too much power over other branches of government.
– Schechter Poultry Corporation v. United States
– United States v. Butler
The Second New Deal
A new wave of government initiatives starting in 1935 resulted in some strong successes and stunning defeats for President Roosevelt.
The Second Hundred Days
• Roosevelt launched the Second New Deal in the spring of 1935.
• Congress passed laws extending government oversight of the banking industry and raised taxes on the wealthy.
• Congress funded new relief programs.
Emergency Relief
• Emergency Relief Appropriations Act – stopped direct payments to Americans in need
• Works Progress Administration (WPA) – largest peacetime jobs program in U.S. history
Social Security
• Provided guaranteed, regular payments for many people 65 and older
• Included a system of unemployment insurance
The New Deal Revives Organized Labor
1. National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) guaranteed workers the right to form unions and bargain collectively.
– Difficult to enforce, fatally weakened by Supreme Count’s ruling in Schechter Poultry Corporation v. United States
2. Roosevelt backed the Wagner Act, or the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA).
– Outlawed a number of anti-labor practices, established the National Labor Relations Board and gave it authority to conduct voting in workplaces to determine whether employees wanted union representation
3. The Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) was born in 1935.
– John L. Lewis led this group to break away from the American Federation of Labor (AFL).
– The United Auto Workers (a division of the CIO) launched a successful sit-down strike in 1936.
The Election of 1936
Roosevelt
• Passed the Rural Electrification Act, which provided electricity to millions of farmers
• Showcased his achievements: unemployment cut in half, income and business earnings were up, New Deal programs provided hope and help
• Spoke out against big business
His Critics
• Republicans argued that the New Deal was overly bureaucratic and was creating a planned economy.
• American Liberty League tried to stop Roosevelt’s attack on big business.
• Republican Alf Landon did not pose a serious
The Results
• A tremendous victory for Roosevelt
• Alf Landon carried only two states.
• The Union Party candidate polled less than 2 percent of the popular vote.
• The Democrats again gained seats in both houses.
A Troubled Year (1937)
Roosevelt surprised Congress with a plan to reorganize the nation’s courts. (“court packing”)
In the fall of 1937, the nation’s economy suffered another setback.
Although the Supreme Court began to rule in favor of New Deal legislation and the economy began to rebound in the summer of 1938, the positive feelings about Roosevelt and the New Deal had begun to fade.
Court Packing
Roosevelt’s Plan
• Gave the president power to appoint many new judges and expand the Supreme Court by up to six judges
• Roosevelt argued that changes were needed to make the courts more efficient.
• Most observers saw plan as effort to “pack” the court with friendly justices.
The Result
• Plan did not pass; however, the Supreme Court made some rulings that favored New Deal legislation.
• Supreme Court upheld a minimum wage law in Washington state.
• Court ruled in favor of a key element of the Wagner Act.
• Court declared Social Security plan to be constitutional.
Economic Downturn of 1937
• 1937 witnessed an economic downturn that began with a sharp drop in the stock market. By the end of the year, about 2 million Americans had lost their jobs.
• Roosevelt had hoped to cut back on government spending, for he feared the growing federal budget deficit.
• As unemployment rose during 1937 and 1938, the government spent large sums of money to help the unemployed.
• British economist John Maynard Keynes argued that deficit spending could provide jobs and stimulate the economy.
• The economy did begin to rebound in the summer of 1938.
New Roles For Women
• Roosevelt promoted and recognized women.
• Frances Perkins – Secretary of Labor – was the first woman to head an executive office.
• Ruth Bryan Owen served as minister to Denmark.
• Roosevelt appointed women to such posts as director of the U.S. Mint and assistant secretary of the Treasury.
• Women served as leaders in several New Deal agencies.
• Still, women faced challenges and discrimination.
– Lower wages
– Less opportunities
– Hostility in the workplace
New Roles for African Americans
• Roosevelt’s administration also appointed many African Americans.
– William Hastie became the first black federal judge.
– A group of African Americans hired to fill government posts were known as the Black Cabinet, and they served as unofficial advisors to the president.
– The Black Cabinet met under the leadership of Mary McLeod Bethune, director of Negro Affairs in the National Youth Administration.
• Still, African Americans continued to face tremendous hardships during the 1930s.
– Severe discrimination
– Thousands of African American sharecroppers and tenant farmers were not helped by New Deal programs.
– Southern Democrats in Congress opposed efforts to aid African Americans.
• Many African American switch from the Republican Party to the Democratic Party during the 1930s.
Art of the Great Depression
• Painters and sculptors fashioned works depicting the struggles of the working class.
• Authors and playwrights focused on the plight of the rural and urban poor.
– Writer John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath
– Songwriter Woody Guthrie celebrated the lives of ordinary people.
– Writer James Agee’s Let Us Now Praise Famous Men
• Photographers
– Dorothea Lange recorded images of jobless people and the rural poor.
– Walker Evans depicted the lives of sharecroppers in the Lower South.
Popular Entertainment of the Great Depression
Movies
• Millions of Americans went to the movies each week.
• Most films were upbeat and allowed viewers to “escape” the depression.
• Grand musicals and comedies were popular.
• Animation and color photography delighted audiences.
Radio
• Provided politics, religion, music, sports, and other forms of entertainment
• Introduced new music styles such as jazz and swing
• Action shows such as The Lone Ranger and comedies such as Fibber McGee and Molly were popular.
Sports
• Interest in sports remained strong in the 1930s.
• Baseball was popular.
• Babe Ruth
• Joe DiMaggio
• Boxing was hugely popular.
• Joe Lewis
The Impact of the New Deal
• The New Deal promised relief, recovery, and reform.
– Relief programs put billions of dollars into the pockets of poor Americans.
– The New Deal was less successful in delivering economic recovery.
– New Deal reforms were successful and long-lasting.
• The New Deal changed the link between the American people and their government.
– Roosevelt believed that government could help businesses and individuals achieve a greater level of economic security.
– The New Deal required a much bigger government.
– Americans now began to look regularly to government for help.
Relief
• Millions of Americans enjoyed some form of help.
• Direct relief or jobs that provided a steady paycheck
• Programs such as Social Security and unemployment insurance became a fixture of government.
Recovery
• Not as successful at economic recovery
• Unemployment remained high.
• Some critics argued that Roosevelt needed the support of big business.
• Other critics said that the New Deal didn’t spend enough money.
Reform
• More successful and long-lasting
• FDIC restored public confidence in the nation’s banks.
• SEC restored public confidence in stock markets.
• New Deal left thousands of roadways, bridges, dams, public buildings, and works of art.
Limits of the New Deal
Relief programs gave aid to millions of people, but they were not meant to be a permanent solution to joblessness. Also, they did not provide jobs to everyone who needed one.
The level of government assistance varied by state. For example, a family needing assistance in Massachusetts might receive $60 per month, while a family in Arkansas might get $8.
New Deal programs permitted discrimination against African Americans, Hispanic Americans, women, and others.
End of the New Deal
Weakening Support
• Setbacks such as the court-packing fight and the 1937 economic downturn gave power to anti-New Deal senators.
• Opposition in Congress made passing New Deal legislation more difficult. Only one piece passed in 1938: the Fair Labor Standards Act (which set up a minimum wage).
1938 Elections
• Roosevelt tried to influence voters in the South during the congressional elections of 1938; however his candidates lost.
• The Republicans made gains in the both houses.
• Roosevelt lacked the congressional support he needed to pass New Deal laws.
After the New Deal
• The New Deal ended in 1938.
• Americans turned their attention to the start of WWII.
SUMMARY…SUCCESS OR FAILURE?
Success
1. Reduced unemployment by 7 million
2. Soil conservation schemes.
3. The Stock Market and banks recovered.
4. Transformed the Tennessee valley.
5. Roosevelt was re-elected.
Failure
1. Still 6 million out of work in 1941.
2. The numbers fell due to enlistment and rearmament in WW2.
3. Black people were segregated from white.
4. Women were excluded from the New Deal.
5. Tennessee benefited but many areas were still suffering.
During President Hoover’s government the Depression was in full swing. Unemployment was at 13 million, industries were closed, farms repossessed and the Dust Bowl was disastrous, banks shut down and the stock market had major difficulties.
People couldn’t find work anywhere so the government had to act.
The 1932 Election: Hoover vs Roosevelt
• Roosevelt promised relief for the poor and more public works programs to provide jobs.
• He attacked Hoover and the Republicans for their response to the Great Depression.
• Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) won the 1932 Presidential election.
• In his inauguration speech, FDR stated that, “the only thing we have to fear is fear itself.”
He was related to Theodore Roosevelt.
– He survived polio.
– He was governor of New York.
– Married to Eleanor Roosevelt
A Political Partnership
Franklin Roosevelt
• Appealing blend of cheerfulness, optimism, and confidence
• An effective communicator (ex. fireside chats)
• A reform-minded Democrat
• Believed the government could solve economic and social problems
Eleanor Roosevelt
• “Eyes and ears” of her husband
• Directed efforts to solve several major social issues (ex. lynching of African Americans)
• Wrote her own newspaper column
• Had the trust and affection of many Americans
FDR as President
Banking Crisis
• Temporarily closed all the nation’s banks to stop panic and large-scale withdrawals
• Passed the Emergency Banking Act
• Glass-Steagall Act created the FDIC
Hundred Days
• Critical period of government activity
• Roosevelt pushed Congress to put most of his New Deal into practice.
• The New Deal promised relief, recovery and reforms.
Beyond the Hundred Days
• FDR and Congress passed important legislation after the Hundred Days
• Created the Civil Works Administration
• Passed the Indian Reorganization Act
Saving the Banks
• Roosevelt declared a “bank holiday”, closing every bank in the nation for eight days.
• Congress then passed the Emergency Banking Relief Act, which only allowed banks to open if they had enough funds to pay their depositors.
The Banking Acts of 1933 & 1935:
• Investors deposits insured
• No gambling in securities
• Banks had to keep a certain % of their customers’ money in the bank
FDR gave 30 radio speeches to the nation, which became known as fireside chats.
• FDR’s first fireside chat reassured people that banks were safe to use again.
The NEW DEAL
FDR developed many new bills that created programs to help end the Great Depression.
These programs were known as the New Deal.
The New Deal had three major goals:
I. Relief for the unemployed
II. Plans for economic Recovery
III. Reforms to prevent another depression
• To achieve these goals, Roosevelt’s government created a number of different organizations & agencies
• Several are known as “alphabet agencies” because they go by their abbreviations
NEW DEAL PROGRAMS
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
• Helped unemployed young men 18 to 25 years old
Agriculture Adjustment Act (AAA)
• Helped farmers by paying them not to grow crops
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)
• Helped business by requiring that businesses in the same industry cooperate with each other to set prices and output
• Started Public Works Administration (PWA)
• Labor received federal protection for the right to organize.
Federal Securities Act
• Helped investors, restored confidence in the markets
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
• Helped build dams and other projects along the Tennessee River and its tributaries
Federal Emergency Relief Act ( F E R A )
$500 million to state governments to provide relief
Given as DOLE payments
Problems w/ FERA
Many states penalised by dollar matching arrangements
People treated abominably by states who believed people should help themselves
Variations in relief provided – Georgia didn’t provide direct relief.
Successes
Helped prevent starvation
Won political support for the Democrats from the poor
Lowered unemployment from 13 million to 6 million by 1941
National Recovery Administration (NRA)
It made..
1. Industry less cut throat in its operation
2. Owners introduce a minimum wage
3. Rules on the maximum working hours
Owners, like Henry Ford, didn’t like the NRA. Workers loved it because it gave them more power & security
Fair Labour Standards Act
Set new standards for working conditions
1. Set a maximum working week of 40 hours
2. Banned child labour
Wagner Act
The Wagner Act stated that workers could join a trade union
Social Securities Acts
The Social Security Acts established a contributory insurance scheme.
$ is taken out every month, & when you retire you get a check from the gov’t every month.
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
Put up prices by creating artificial scarcity, ie killing livestock, ploughing up crops
This was considered by many to be unconstitutional and an extension of federal powers.
Parity price fixed for main crops
–farmers were paid NOT to grow crops
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
The first New Deal project introduced in March 1933.
1. Created work for 2.5 million unemployed workers
2. Led to tree planting and soil conservation
3. Bridges, dams, nature trails and picnic areas were built
4. Blacks were segregated and women excluded
Tennessee Valley Authority (T.V.A.)
This worked to improve the area around the Tennessee River
1. Overturning years of deforestation and soil erosion by replanting and soil conservation.
2. The building of a series of dams and canals.
3. Flood prevention.
4. Hydro electric power for homes and business.
Public Works Administration (PWA)
1. It was slow to get underway.
2. Capital intensive rather than labour intensive – money to T.V.A. and other organisations.
3. Built hospitals and roads and was involved in slum clearance.
Trouble for the New Deal
Radical Reactions to the New Deal
• Believed the New Deal did not go far enough in reforming the economy
• Wanted a complete overhaul of capitalism
• Huey P. Long, Father Charles Coughlin, Dr. Francis Townsend
Conservative Reactions to the New Deal
• Attacked the New Deal as a radical break with traditional American ideals
• Thought the New Deal would drive the country to destruction.
• American Liberty League
Leading Critics of the New Deal
• Huey P. Long (senator from Louisiana)
– Believed Roosevelt’s policies were too friendly to banks and businessmen (started the Share Our Wealth Society)
• Father Charles Coughlin (the “radio priest”)
– Believed Roosevelt was not doing enough to curb the power of bankers and financial leaders
• Dr. Francis Townsend
– Criticized the New Deal for not doing enough for older Americans (wanted pensions for people over 60)
• The American Liberty League
– Believed that the New Deal went too far and was anti-business
• Opposition from the courts
– Critics of the New Deal feared that it gave the president too much power over other branches of government.
– Schechter Poultry Corporation v. United States
– United States v. Butler
The Second New Deal
A new wave of government initiatives starting in 1935 resulted in some strong successes and stunning defeats for President Roosevelt.
The Second Hundred Days
• Roosevelt launched the Second New Deal in the spring of 1935.
• Congress passed laws extending government oversight of the banking industry and raised taxes on the wealthy.
• Congress funded new relief programs.
Emergency Relief
• Emergency Relief Appropriations Act – stopped direct payments to Americans in need
• Works Progress Administration (WPA) – largest peacetime jobs program in U.S. history
Social Security
• Provided guaranteed, regular payments for many people 65 and older
• Included a system of unemployment insurance
The New Deal Revives Organized Labor
1. National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) guaranteed workers the right to form unions and bargain collectively.
– Difficult to enforce, fatally weakened by Supreme Count’s ruling in Schechter Poultry Corporation v. United States
2. Roosevelt backed the Wagner Act, or the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA).
– Outlawed a number of anti-labor practices, established the National Labor Relations Board and gave it authority to conduct voting in workplaces to determine whether employees wanted union representation
3. The Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) was born in 1935.
– John L. Lewis led this group to break away from the American Federation of Labor (AFL).
– The United Auto Workers (a division of the CIO) launched a successful sit-down strike in 1936.
The Election of 1936
Roosevelt
• Passed the Rural Electrification Act, which provided electricity to millions of farmers
• Showcased his achievements: unemployment cut in half, income and business earnings were up, New Deal programs provided hope and help
• Spoke out against big business
His Critics
• Republicans argued that the New Deal was overly bureaucratic and was creating a planned economy.
• American Liberty League tried to stop Roosevelt’s attack on big business.
• Republican Alf Landon did not pose a serious
The Results
• A tremendous victory for Roosevelt
• Alf Landon carried only two states.
• The Union Party candidate polled less than 2 percent of the popular vote.
• The Democrats again gained seats in both houses.
A Troubled Year (1937)
Roosevelt surprised Congress with a plan to reorganize the nation’s courts. (“court packing”)
In the fall of 1937, the nation’s economy suffered another setback.
Although the Supreme Court began to rule in favor of New Deal legislation and the economy began to rebound in the summer of 1938, the positive feelings about Roosevelt and the New Deal had begun to fade.
Court Packing
Roosevelt’s Plan
• Gave the president power to appoint many new judges and expand the Supreme Court by up to six judges
• Roosevelt argued that changes were needed to make the courts more efficient.
• Most observers saw plan as effort to “pack” the court with friendly justices.
The Result
• Plan did not pass; however, the Supreme Court made some rulings that favored New Deal legislation.
• Supreme Court upheld a minimum wage law in Washington state.
• Court ruled in favor of a key element of the Wagner Act.
• Court declared Social Security plan to be constitutional.
Economic Downturn of 1937
• 1937 witnessed an economic downturn that began with a sharp drop in the stock market. By the end of the year, about 2 million Americans had lost their jobs.
• Roosevelt had hoped to cut back on government spending, for he feared the growing federal budget deficit.
• As unemployment rose during 1937 and 1938, the government spent large sums of money to help the unemployed.
• British economist John Maynard Keynes argued that deficit spending could provide jobs and stimulate the economy.
• The economy did begin to rebound in the summer of 1938.
New Roles For Women
• Roosevelt promoted and recognized women.
• Frances Perkins – Secretary of Labor – was the first woman to head an executive office.
• Ruth Bryan Owen served as minister to Denmark.
• Roosevelt appointed women to such posts as director of the U.S. Mint and assistant secretary of the Treasury.
• Women served as leaders in several New Deal agencies.
• Still, women faced challenges and discrimination.
– Lower wages
– Less opportunities
– Hostility in the workplace
New Roles for African Americans
• Roosevelt’s administration also appointed many African Americans.
– William Hastie became the first black federal judge.
– A group of African Americans hired to fill government posts were known as the Black Cabinet, and they served as unofficial advisors to the president.
– The Black Cabinet met under the leadership of Mary McLeod Bethune, director of Negro Affairs in the National Youth Administration.
• Still, African Americans continued to face tremendous hardships during the 1930s.
– Severe discrimination
– Thousands of African American sharecroppers and tenant farmers were not helped by New Deal programs.
– Southern Democrats in Congress opposed efforts to aid African Americans.
• Many African American switch from the Republican Party to the Democratic Party during the 1930s.
Art of the Great Depression
• Painters and sculptors fashioned works depicting the struggles of the working class.
• Authors and playwrights focused on the plight of the rural and urban poor.
– Writer John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath
– Songwriter Woody Guthrie celebrated the lives of ordinary people.
– Writer James Agee’s Let Us Now Praise Famous Men
• Photographers
– Dorothea Lange recorded images of jobless people and the rural poor.
– Walker Evans depicted the lives of sharecroppers in the Lower South.
Popular Entertainment of the Great Depression
Movies
• Millions of Americans went to the movies each week.
• Most films were upbeat and allowed viewers to “escape” the depression.
• Grand musicals and comedies were popular.
• Animation and color photography delighted audiences.
Radio
• Provided politics, religion, music, sports, and other forms of entertainment
• Introduced new music styles such as jazz and swing
• Action shows such as The Lone Ranger and comedies such as Fibber McGee and Molly were popular.
Sports
• Interest in sports remained strong in the 1930s.
• Baseball was popular.
• Babe Ruth
• Joe DiMaggio
• Boxing was hugely popular.
• Joe Lewis
The Impact of the New Deal
• The New Deal promised relief, recovery, and reform.
– Relief programs put billions of dollars into the pockets of poor Americans.
– The New Deal was less successful in delivering economic recovery.
– New Deal reforms were successful and long-lasting.
• The New Deal changed the link between the American people and their government.
– Roosevelt believed that government could help businesses and individuals achieve a greater level of economic security.
– The New Deal required a much bigger government.
– Americans now began to look regularly to government for help.
Relief
• Millions of Americans enjoyed some form of help.
• Direct relief or jobs that provided a steady paycheck
• Programs such as Social Security and unemployment insurance became a fixture of government.
Recovery
• Not as successful at economic recovery
• Unemployment remained high.
• Some critics argued that Roosevelt needed the support of big business.
• Other critics said that the New Deal didn’t spend enough money.
Reform
• More successful and long-lasting
• FDIC restored public confidence in the nation’s banks.
• SEC restored public confidence in stock markets.
• New Deal left thousands of roadways, bridges, dams, public buildings, and works of art.
Limits of the New Deal
Relief programs gave aid to millions of people, but they were not meant to be a permanent solution to joblessness. Also, they did not provide jobs to everyone who needed one.
The level of government assistance varied by state. For example, a family needing assistance in Massachusetts might receive $60 per month, while a family in Arkansas might get $8.
New Deal programs permitted discrimination against African Americans, Hispanic Americans, women, and others.
End of the New Deal
Weakening Support
• Setbacks such as the court-packing fight and the 1937 economic downturn gave power to anti-New Deal senators.
• Opposition in Congress made passing New Deal legislation more difficult. Only one piece passed in 1938: the Fair Labor Standards Act (which set up a minimum wage).
1938 Elections
• Roosevelt tried to influence voters in the South during the congressional elections of 1938; however his candidates lost.
• The Republicans made gains in the both houses.
• Roosevelt lacked the congressional support he needed to pass New Deal laws.
After the New Deal
• The New Deal ended in 1938.
• Americans turned their attention to the start of WWII.
SUMMARY…SUCCESS OR FAILURE?
Success
1. Reduced unemployment by 7 million
2. Soil conservation schemes.
3. The Stock Market and banks recovered.
4. Transformed the Tennessee valley.
5. Roosevelt was re-elected.
Failure
1. Still 6 million out of work in 1941.
2. The numbers fell due to enlistment and rearmament in WW2.
3. Black people were segregated from white.
4. Women were excluded from the New Deal.
5. Tennessee benefited but many areas were still suffering.
Friday, January 23, 2015
The Great Depression
1929
•America was at the height of prosperity.
•Higher wages, more free time, & new inventions led to consumer society.
All that changed in 1929.
The Great Depression not only affected the US, but Europe as well.
Causes of the G.D.
Stock Market Crash of 1929- October
Bank failures
People stopped buying things
Smoot-Hawley Tariff & the American Economic Policy
Drought (not a cause but a major event during the Depression era)
Background to the Stock Market
With more money to spend people invested on the stock market.
President Hoover’s aim: “a chicken in every pot and two cars in every garage”.
BUT
50% of American families earned less than $2000 a year
American Industry was producing too many goods
Businesses & Stocks
Companies borrow money to pay for equipment or staff
To make more money, they can sell stocks, or shares in their company
Investors get a share of the profit the company makes
‘Shareholders’ can sell their shares on the stock market.
Prices can change every day according to how well the company is doing.
Prices can also change no matter how the company is doing
this is called Speculation
American industry booms, price of stocks go up
People see the stock market as a way to make easy money
Banks use your money to buy shares in companies
Investors sell their shares at higher prices and make huge profits
More people invest, pushing prices higher
People buy “on the margin” – you borrow $$ from a broker to buy stocks. When they pay off, both of you get $$
Timeline of the Crash
Sat 19th Oct - 3.5 million shares sold. Prices fall
Sun 20th Oct - “Stocks driven down as wave of selling engulfs market”
Mon. 21st Oct - Over 6 million shares change hands. Prices fall then rise in the afternoon. There are still buyers on the market
Tue 22nd Oct - Prices begin to rise
Wed 23rd Oct
3 million shares sold in the last hour of trading
OCTOBER 24 - Black Thursday
Morning: Stock prices begin to fall, & people get desperate – try to sell their stocks
Brokers start to panic – refuse to buy on margin
Almost 13 million stocks sold
Noon: 2 exchanges had shut down, 11 had committed suicide
A meeting of bankers was held @ J.P. Morgan
Richard Whitney, v.p. of the Stock Exchange, went onto the floor & started buying high.
Others followed suit, & the market recovered
….for now
Oct 25-28 – the market begins to recover
Trading remains pretty heavy, prices stay steady
Many investors were still nervous
Black MOnday
The market opens with a flood of selling
There wasn’t the support of bankers like there had been on the 24th
Over 9 million shares sold
New York Stock Exchange value dropped 10 million in 1 day
•America was at the height of prosperity.
•Higher wages, more free time, & new inventions led to consumer society.
All that changed in 1929.
The Great Depression not only affected the US, but Europe as well.
Causes of the G.D.
Stock Market Crash of 1929- October
Bank failures
People stopped buying things
Smoot-Hawley Tariff & the American Economic Policy
Drought (not a cause but a major event during the Depression era)
Background to the Stock Market
With more money to spend people invested on the stock market.
President Hoover’s aim: “a chicken in every pot and two cars in every garage”.
BUT
50% of American families earned less than $2000 a year
American Industry was producing too many goods
Businesses & Stocks
Companies borrow money to pay for equipment or staff
To make more money, they can sell stocks, or shares in their company
Investors get a share of the profit the company makes
‘Shareholders’ can sell their shares on the stock market.
Prices can change every day according to how well the company is doing.
Prices can also change no matter how the company is doing
this is called Speculation
American industry booms, price of stocks go up
People see the stock market as a way to make easy money
Banks use your money to buy shares in companies
Investors sell their shares at higher prices and make huge profits
More people invest, pushing prices higher
People buy “on the margin” – you borrow $$ from a broker to buy stocks. When they pay off, both of you get $$
Timeline of the Crash
Sat 19th Oct - 3.5 million shares sold. Prices fall
Sun 20th Oct - “Stocks driven down as wave of selling engulfs market”
Mon. 21st Oct - Over 6 million shares change hands. Prices fall then rise in the afternoon. There are still buyers on the market
Tue 22nd Oct - Prices begin to rise
Wed 23rd Oct
3 million shares sold in the last hour of trading
OCTOBER 24 - Black Thursday
Morning: Stock prices begin to fall, & people get desperate – try to sell their stocks
Brokers start to panic – refuse to buy on margin
Almost 13 million stocks sold
Noon: 2 exchanges had shut down, 11 had committed suicide
A meeting of bankers was held @ J.P. Morgan
Richard Whitney, v.p. of the Stock Exchange, went onto the floor & started buying high.
Others followed suit, & the market recovered
….for now
Oct 25-28 – the market begins to recover
Trading remains pretty heavy, prices stay steady
Many investors were still nervous
Black MOnday
The market opens with a flood of selling
There wasn’t the support of bankers like there had been on the 24th
Over 9 million shares sold
New York Stock Exchange value dropped 10 million in 1 day
Thursday, December 11, 2014
Thanksgiving extra credit
Watch the "Real Story of Thanksgiving" video
Then answer all of these questions:
1. Although feasts to give thanks had been celebrated for hundreds of years, the holiday was not
officially celebrated in the U.S. until what year? Why do you think Thanksgiving was established as
a national holiday?
2. The Pilgrims’ survival depended on knowledge they gained from the Wampanoag people. What were
relations like between the British in Plymouth and the Wampanoag? How did this change over time?
3. Today, many people still believe the myth that the Pilgrims and the Wampanoag shared one large
feast together in 1621 to celebrate their cooperation and relationships. What did you learn from this
documentary about the real story behind the meal they shared?
4. Who was Sarah Josepha Hale and what role did she play in establishing Thanksgiving as a national
tradition? What were her goals for the Thanksgiving holiday?
5. What role did Thanksgiving play during the Civil War era? Why do you think President Lincoln
encouraged everyone to participate in this tradition?
6. Why was Thursday chosen for Thanksgiving? Why did President Roosevelt move Thanksgiving from
the fourth Thursday of November to the third Thursday of November and how did the nation respond?
7. The Macy’s parade is associated today with Thanksgiving Day. How and when did the parade become
a Thanksgiving tradition? How did Macy’s contribute to WWII through its parade resources?
8. What kinds of food were most likely served at the feast between the Pilgrims and the Wampanoag?
How does this compare with your family feast?
9. When did the tradition of playing and watching football games on Thanksgiving Day first start?
10. How do you think more people could learn about the history behind Thanksgiving?
Then answer all of these questions:
1. Although feasts to give thanks had been celebrated for hundreds of years, the holiday was not
officially celebrated in the U.S. until what year? Why do you think Thanksgiving was established as
a national holiday?
2. The Pilgrims’ survival depended on knowledge they gained from the Wampanoag people. What were
relations like between the British in Plymouth and the Wampanoag? How did this change over time?
3. Today, many people still believe the myth that the Pilgrims and the Wampanoag shared one large
feast together in 1621 to celebrate their cooperation and relationships. What did you learn from this
documentary about the real story behind the meal they shared?
4. Who was Sarah Josepha Hale and what role did she play in establishing Thanksgiving as a national
tradition? What were her goals for the Thanksgiving holiday?
5. What role did Thanksgiving play during the Civil War era? Why do you think President Lincoln
encouraged everyone to participate in this tradition?
6. Why was Thursday chosen for Thanksgiving? Why did President Roosevelt move Thanksgiving from
the fourth Thursday of November to the third Thursday of November and how did the nation respond?
7. The Macy’s parade is associated today with Thanksgiving Day. How and when did the parade become
a Thanksgiving tradition? How did Macy’s contribute to WWII through its parade resources?
8. What kinds of food were most likely served at the feast between the Pilgrims and the Wampanoag?
How does this compare with your family feast?
9. When did the tradition of playing and watching football games on Thanksgiving Day first start?
10. How do you think more people could learn about the history behind Thanksgiving?
Tuesday, December 9, 2014
Extra credit #2
ACTIVITY:
Making a Word search
American History 1st Semester Review
Instructions
You are going to make a word
search
Minimum: 20 lines down, 30 letters across
Choose at least 15 words (you
can choose more) from the list on the back.
You can put the words in horizontally, vertically, diagonally, or, if
you want to be mean, backwards (maximum 2)
Print neatly. Use all capital
letters.
You can use a ruler to draw
lines if you need it.
Print your words at the
bottom in a box.
Civilization
Joint-stock company
Pilgrim
Subsistence farming
Proprietary colony
Slave code
Mercantilism
Enlightenment
Great awakening
Minuteman
Republic
Federalism
Amendment
Ratification
Veto
Separation of powers
Judicial review
Nullification
Secede
Abolition
Emancipation
Manifest Destiny
Annexation
Conscription
Popular sovereignty
Habeas corpus
Attrition
Mandate
Reconstruction
Amnesty
Freedman
Impeach
Laissez-faire
Corporation
Monopoly
Marxism
Industrial union
Closed shop
Tenement
Political machine
Social Darwinism
Populism
Coolidge
Inflation
Deflation
Grandfather clause
Jim Crow laws
Imperialism
Pan-africanism
Yellow journalism
Jingoism
Sphere of influence
Open door policy
Progressivism
Commission plan
Initiative
Referendum
Suffrage
Temperance
Prohibition
Socialism
Arbitration
Nationalism
Propaganda
U-boat
Victory garden
Espionage
Reparations
General strike
Deport
Anarchist
Eugenics
Nativism
Flapper
Evolution
Creationism
Speakeasy
Mass media
Assembly line
Suburb
Jazz
Blues
Normalcy
Welfare capitalism
Isolationism
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