Goal: explain how the Enlightenment and Great Awakening influenced American thinking and how growing tensions between England and the colonies led to a revolution and independence.
Vocabulary:
Mercantilism committee of correspondence
Enlightenment minuteman
Great Awakening customs duty
Problems with Trade
At first, the colonists could trade with many other countries.
Then England decided to limit who they could trade with.
Why? England thought that the purpose of the colonies was to make money for it, not for themselves.
This caused some anger
Mercantilism
Believed that to be a wealthy, you had to make more selling to others than you bought
Countries should be self sufficient – getting raw materials from their colonies and selling them manufactured goods.
Navigation & Staple Act = goods have to be carried on English ships & sold to only England
Some colonies went the illegal route, smuggling in goods from other places
King Charles II took away self-governance as punishment and made areas like Massachusetts part of the royal colony
Inspiration Towards Revolution
The Glorious Revolution
1688 – William and Mary take over England; Parliament forces them to sign Bill of Rights
King can’t rule without ok of Parliament
Freedom of speech
No excessive bail or cruel & unusual punishment
Right to a jury trial
The BoR influences American gov’t
W & M allow Massachusetts and other areas to regain some of their independence
John Locke
Wrote Two Treatises of Government
Believed that there were times that revolution was justified
People are born w/natural rights (life, liberty, property)
To protect these rights, they form a gov’t
If ruler tries to take rights away, people can rebel
Inspiration for American Revolution and Bill of Rights
The Enlightenment
1600’s – 1700’s – tried to look at and figure out the world using logic
Locke: people are born blank pages and shaped by society & education
Rousseau: gov’t should be formed with the ok of the people; make their laws together
Montesquieu – 3 branches of gov’t, system of checks & balances
The Great Awakening
Increased religious following of the 1700’s m
New religions: Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians
Baptists welcomed enslaved Africans and condemned slavery
Undermined allegiance to traditional authority (gov’t, king)
Conflict between French & English
French and Indian War (1754-59)
Both groups wanted the Ohio River Valley
France got it, war started
Spread to Europe – Seven Years’ War
Treaty of Paris – England became dominant power in N. America
Got all of French land east of Mississippi and Florida from Spain
Trouble in the Colonies
F&I War left England in debt
Used colonies to make up the $ they lost
Proclamation Act (1763): no more expansion
Customs duties: taxes on imports and exports
Sugar Act (1764): increased taxes on many goods
Stamp Act (1765): stamp needed on all printed materials
Sons of Liberty: put together protests
1765 – meeting of Stamp Act Congress
“no taxation w/out representation”
Ignored Stamp Act, boycotted British goods
Stamp act repealed in 1766
English lost money, jobs
Townshend Acts (1777)
New customs duties on lead, paper, paint, tea & more
Many colonies protested; Parliament got rid of their colonial assemblies
3/5/1770: Boston Massacre
Colonists throw snowballs at soldiers
Fighting leads to British opening fire on colonists
Leads to the repeal of all parts of the TA except the tax on tea
Road to War
Committee of Correspondence – each colony had one to communicate w/the others
Started after British appeared to ignore the people’s right to a trial by jury of peers
Tea Act (1773) – Taxes on tea, can only be bought from British
Boston Tea Party: deliver on tea blocked; cargo dumped into Boston Harbor
Reaction to the Tea Party
Coercive Acts (1774) – shut down Massachusetts ports, banned town meetings, brought more troops to New England
Put General Gage in charge
Quebec Act – took over Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, Wisconsin.
England had total power in these areas
Together, called Intolerable Acts
Representatives from each colony met at 1st Continental Congress
Planned strategy, agreed to meet again in 1775 if there was still a problem
Revolution Begins
After England gets rid of the assembly in Mass, they create another one
Leader: John Hancock
Militia began training
Minutemen – special militia group
Those loyal to the king – Loyalists or Tories
Georgia, Carolinas, New York
Those who believed that the English were tyrants – Patriots of Whigs
New England, Virginia
Lexington & Concord
General Gage wanted to steal militia supplies in Concord; troops secretly head out
Patriots figure it out & send riders to warn the militia (including Paul Revere)
@ Lexington, English troops are met by minutemen (1st battle of AR)
@ Concord, English discover that all the supplies had been moved; forced to retreat
Boston surrounded by the militia, English trapped inside.
Wednesday, August 20, 2014
Sunday, August 17, 2014
1.1 Converging Cultures
Goal: explain how America became home to diverse cultures, identify the main areas of Spanish, French, and English settlement, and describe the reason for English colonization.
Vocabulary:
proprietary colony
joint-stock company
indentured servant
slave code
Subsistence farming
civilization
Pilgrim
Earliest Americans
• 15-30 thousand years ago: 1st people arrived
• Transferred from nomadic to agrarian
• Complex civilizations emerge
–Civilization = highly organized society w/ advanced knowledge of trade, gov’t, arts, science
• 1st civilization: Olmec people in Mexico
• Around the same time, North American cultures were developing.
European Exploration
-After the Middle Ages, Europeans tried to find new ways to get there. This led to the discovery of a new continent
-Portugal led the drive towards Asia in the 1400’s, but it was Spain that first profited from the “new world”
Christopher Columbus
-Funded by Spain; thought you could get east by sailing west
-1492 – set off, landed on San Salvador Island
-Was he the first? NO: the Vikings landed in Canada in 1000 AD
-Why is he important?
Launched a wave of European exploration
Claimed the Caribbean and parts of Central & South America for Spain
Led the way for other explorers to take control of Florida and parts of the south
Cultural Changes
What the Europeans got from native Americans:
- New crops & farming methods
What the Native Americans got from Europeans:
- New crops, firearms, metalworking, shipbuilding, a variety of diseases, loss of lands and traditions
French Settlements
1608 – de Champlain founded Quebec
- Traded fur for $
- Became the capital of New France
Late 1600’s – expansion down the Mississippi to the Gulf Coast
- This area became Louisiana
- Grew sugar, rice, and tobacco
- Imported enslaved Africans to farm/ do field work
English Settlements
Jamestown – 1st lasting English settlement
- Funded by a group of investors who had control of the colony
- Settlers prospered with the help of natives
- Main crop: tobacco
When Virginia was flooded w/settlers, the native Americans attacked, and King James took control of the colony
Plymouth Colony
Puritan Separatists: religious group persecuted by King James
1620 – Separatists head to Jamestown to escape religious persecution
- Landed in Cape Cod, Mass, and set up own gov’t
- Mayflower Compact
Their success paved the way for other persecuted people to head to the new world
New England
1st controlled by Puritans (Massachusetts), who didn’t tolerate other religions
- This lead to the creation of new colonies
Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Connecticut: separation of church and state; religious freedom
- Believed in self-governing
Bad soil = subsistence farming (growing enough food 4 your family)
- Big $ in fishing, whaling, and timber
Relations with native Americans:
- Colonies wanted NA’s to follow their laws and customs
- Led to war; most wiped out
Middle Colonies
First settled by the Dutch – New Netherlands
- Capital: New Amsterdam
1660 – 70’s – England attacks, takes the land, renames it New York
the rest becomes New Jersey
Pennsylvania –started by Quakers seeking religious freedom
Fertile land; main crop = wheat
- Also glass & pottery
Southern Colonies
Virginia – tobacco is major crop
Maryland – a proprietary colony (owned by an individual)
North Carolina – mostly tobacco farming, hard to reach by ship
South Carolina – major city = Charleston
- Grew rice & imported deerskins
Georgia – created for 2 reasons: 1) provide a barrier between other colonies and Spanish Florida and 2) make a place for the poor could start over
Indentured servant: people who signed contracts agreeing to work for a certain # of years in return for the trip, food, clothing, and shelter
- Like a slave, but these people got their freedom eventually
- Solved the unemployment problem in England
Growing Dependence on Slavery
- As indentured servants were freed, they asked for land, and this led governments to fight the Native Americans for more land.
- After Bacon’s rebellion, slavery became more appealing because slaves were never freed, never required land, and could be used as collateral to borrow money
- Slave code: laws that kept Africans from owning property, getting an education, moving freely, or meeting in large groups
- King Charles made a deal to acquire slaves and send them to the colonies without going through the Dutch or Portuguese
Colonial Hierarchy
1. Wealthy merchants who controlled trade
2. Skilled workers, innkeepers, business owners
3. People without skills or property
-This often included immigrants from Germany, Scotland, and Ireland, and Jews
4. Indentured servants and enslaved Africans
Before the 1700’s, married women couldn’t own property or have a say in the running of their families. Single women & widows could own businesses and property, so they could be more productive members of society
Vocabulary:
proprietary colony
joint-stock company
indentured servant
slave code
Subsistence farming
civilization
Pilgrim
Earliest Americans
• 15-30 thousand years ago: 1st people arrived
• Transferred from nomadic to agrarian
• Complex civilizations emerge
–Civilization = highly organized society w/ advanced knowledge of trade, gov’t, arts, science
• 1st civilization: Olmec people in Mexico
• Around the same time, North American cultures were developing.
European Exploration
-After the Middle Ages, Europeans tried to find new ways to get there. This led to the discovery of a new continent
-Portugal led the drive towards Asia in the 1400’s, but it was Spain that first profited from the “new world”
Christopher Columbus
-Funded by Spain; thought you could get east by sailing west
-1492 – set off, landed on San Salvador Island
-Was he the first? NO: the Vikings landed in Canada in 1000 AD
-Why is he important?
Launched a wave of European exploration
Claimed the Caribbean and parts of Central & South America for Spain
Led the way for other explorers to take control of Florida and parts of the south
Cultural Changes
What the Europeans got from native Americans:
- New crops & farming methods
What the Native Americans got from Europeans:
- New crops, firearms, metalworking, shipbuilding, a variety of diseases, loss of lands and traditions
French Settlements
1608 – de Champlain founded Quebec
- Traded fur for $
- Became the capital of New France
Late 1600’s – expansion down the Mississippi to the Gulf Coast
- This area became Louisiana
- Grew sugar, rice, and tobacco
- Imported enslaved Africans to farm/ do field work
English Settlements
Jamestown – 1st lasting English settlement
- Funded by a group of investors who had control of the colony
- Settlers prospered with the help of natives
- Main crop: tobacco
When Virginia was flooded w/settlers, the native Americans attacked, and King James took control of the colony
Plymouth Colony
Puritan Separatists: religious group persecuted by King James
1620 – Separatists head to Jamestown to escape religious persecution
- Landed in Cape Cod, Mass, and set up own gov’t
- Mayflower Compact
Their success paved the way for other persecuted people to head to the new world
New England
1st controlled by Puritans (Massachusetts), who didn’t tolerate other religions
- This lead to the creation of new colonies
Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Connecticut: separation of church and state; religious freedom
- Believed in self-governing
Bad soil = subsistence farming (growing enough food 4 your family)
- Big $ in fishing, whaling, and timber
Relations with native Americans:
- Colonies wanted NA’s to follow their laws and customs
- Led to war; most wiped out
Middle Colonies
First settled by the Dutch – New Netherlands
- Capital: New Amsterdam
1660 – 70’s – England attacks, takes the land, renames it New York
the rest becomes New Jersey
Pennsylvania –started by Quakers seeking religious freedom
Fertile land; main crop = wheat
- Also glass & pottery
Southern Colonies
Virginia – tobacco is major crop
Maryland – a proprietary colony (owned by an individual)
North Carolina – mostly tobacco farming, hard to reach by ship
South Carolina – major city = Charleston
- Grew rice & imported deerskins
Georgia – created for 2 reasons: 1) provide a barrier between other colonies and Spanish Florida and 2) make a place for the poor could start over
Indentured servant: people who signed contracts agreeing to work for a certain # of years in return for the trip, food, clothing, and shelter
- Like a slave, but these people got their freedom eventually
- Solved the unemployment problem in England
Growing Dependence on Slavery
- As indentured servants were freed, they asked for land, and this led governments to fight the Native Americans for more land.
- After Bacon’s rebellion, slavery became more appealing because slaves were never freed, never required land, and could be used as collateral to borrow money
- Slave code: laws that kept Africans from owning property, getting an education, moving freely, or meeting in large groups
- King Charles made a deal to acquire slaves and send them to the colonies without going through the Dutch or Portuguese
Colonial Hierarchy
1. Wealthy merchants who controlled trade
2. Skilled workers, innkeepers, business owners
3. People without skills or property
-This often included immigrants from Germany, Scotland, and Ireland, and Jews
4. Indentured servants and enslaved Africans
Before the 1700’s, married women couldn’t own property or have a say in the running of their families. Single women & widows could own businesses and property, so they could be more productive members of society
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